Feature Article | 60 Years of Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Sector: Then & Now Charting Our Journey from 1965 to 2025
A Legacy Beneath the Waves
For six decades, the Cook Islands has been on a remarkable journey, exploring the vast blue frontier beneath its waters. From early discoveries in the 1960s to becoming a leader in seabed minerals governance, this story is one of vision, resilience, and responsible resource management.
Balancing environmental protection, economic opportunity, and sustainability has been at the heart of this journey. As we reflect on 60 years of progress, we look ahead to a future built on collaboration, innovation, and ethical development.
The Evolution of the Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Sector
1963–1980: Discovery and Initial Exploration Shortly before self-governance in 1965, researchers identified polymetallic nodules—rich in cobalt, nickel, and manganese—on the deep-sea floor of the Cook Islands’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This discovery sparked interest in the region’s mineral potential and laid the groundwork for future exploration. Early research initiatives, in collaboration with marine scientists, helped map the seabed and improve our understanding of these resources.
1980–2000: Expanding Knowledge & Environmental Awareness During this “golden” period, research by Japanese researchers intensified within the auspices of SOPAC, and oceanographic and seabed studies continued. Discussions on deep-sea mining regulations and environmental protections gained momentum, with a growing emphasis on aligning exploration activities with global best practices.
2000–2013: Establishing the Legal and Regulatory Framework In 2009, the Cook Islands Government introduced the Seabed Minerals Act, a pioneering law that provided a structured, transparent, and regulated approach to seabed mineral exploration and development. By 2013, the Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority (SBMA) was formally established to oversee the responsible management of these national resources.
2013–Present: A Model for Responsible Seabed Minerals Governance Building on its strong legal framework, the Cook Islands further refined its seabed minerals sector, introducing comprehensive policies to uphold global environmental and sustainability standards.
Key Milestones: Advancing Knowledge and Governance
Scientific Research & Innovation
Over 40 research expeditions have mapped and studied the seabed within the Cook Islands’ EEZ, including some formative expeditions conducted by SBMA.
The Role of Collaboration in Driving Success
Strong partnerships have been a driving force behind the Cook Islands’ seabed minerals sector. These collaborations have contributed to:
Knowledge-based approach
Ethical and Science-Based Policy Development
Industry Accountability
Looking Ahead: The Future of the
Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Sector
A Model for Sustainable Resource Management
The Cook Islands is committed to setting a global benchmark for responsible seabed minerals development.
Advancing Technology for Low-Impact Exploration
Innovation is key to ensuring that any resource development is science-based and sustainable.
Images: SMARTEX 2023 & WISE 2024
Strengthening Community Involvement
Open dialogue and consultations with Rarotonga and Pa Enua communities encourage local voices to provide a broad perspective and insight for decision-makers.
A Future Rooted in Responsibility
From the first discovery of seabed minerals in the 1960s to establishing a globally recognised framework for responsible resource management, the Cook Islands’ journey has been one of progress, innovation, and integrity.
Image Credit: Dede Mingi (SBMA Communications Officer)
Stay Informed & Get Involved
Want to learn more about the Cook Islands’ seabed minerals sector?
Follow SBMA’s website and social media for the latest updates, research insights, and opportunities for public consultation.
🔹 SBMA— Leading the way in responsible seabed minerals development.
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